Turabian Style Guide

Introduction

The following examples illustrate the Turabian style of citing sources in a research paper. Style manuals for this and other styles are located at the Reference desk. This is just a guide; for more detailed information on the Turabian style see: Turabian, Kate L. 1996. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 6th edition. Chicago: University of Chicago (Ref. LB 2369. TB 1996).

Parenthetical References or Footnotes?

The Turabian style offers guidelines for two primary ways of acknowledging the use of another author's material or intellectual ideas in your paper--using parenthetical references or by using footnotes.

Parenthetical references consist of the authors' names and date of publication in parentheses within the text of the paper. These references are brief but give enough information to enable the reader to find the full citation in the Reference List at the end of the paper. Turabian refers to this as the Author-Date System.

For example:Women play an important role within the family, both in production and reproduction. (Bronstein 1982).

Consult Chapter 10 of the Turabian manual for more information on "Parenthetical References and Reference Lists.

Using footnotes allows the reader to follow the notes without having to refer to the end of the paper. Footnotes are used in several ways: to cite the authority for specific facts or opinions; to make cross-references; to note incidental comments; and to make acknowledgments. In addition to footnotes, you will need a Bibliography at the end of your paper citing relevant sources you used. Chapters 8, 9 and 11 of the Turabian provide more information on Notes and Bibliographies.

Reference Lists and Bibliographies

The Reference List (used to list full citations of parenthetical references) or Bibliography (used to list full citations of footnotes) provides publication information for all of the sources you have referred to in the body of your paper. There are several basic elements that are usually included in each citation, such as author, title of article, title of book or journal, publisher, volume, issue number, date, etc.

In general:

• Not all of citation elements are present for each item; use only what is appropriate.
• Indent the second and following lines 5 spaces. (note: this is called a hanging indent in Microsoft Word formatting)
• If you cannot use italics, underline.
• If no author is given, start with the title.
• For Reference Lists, the date is the second element of the citation; for Bibliographies, it is the last element.
• For Reference Lists, the initial word in the title and the subtitle are capitalized, as well as proper nouns and adjectives; for Bibliographies, all significant words in the title and subtitle are capitalized.
• For Web sites include the date the page was created (or updated) and the date you looked at it.

Examples--Based on Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 6th edition:

Note: The first example in each category below is for Reference Lists, the second example is for Bibliographies.

Books

No author:

 The lottery.  [1732]. London: J. Watts.

 The Lottery.  London: J. Watts, [1732]. 

One author:

 Franklin, John Hope. 1985. George Washington  Williams: 
     A biography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.          

 Franklin, John Hope. George Washington Williams: A 
     Biography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.

Two authors:

 Lynd, Robert and Helen Lynd. 1929. Middletown: A study in 
     American culture. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.          

 Lynd, Robert and Helen Lynd. Middletown: A Study in American 
     Culture. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1929. 

 Greenberger, Martin, Julius Aronofsky, James L. McKenney,
     and William F. Masy, eds.  1974. Networks
     for research and education:
     Sharing of computer and information resources nationwide.
     Cambridge: MIT Press

Greenberger, Martin, Julius Aronofsky, James L. McKenney, 
     and William F. Masy, eds. Networks
     for Research and Education: 
     Sharing of computer and information resources 
     nationwide. Cambridge: MIT Press

 von Hallberg, Robert, ed. 1984. Canons. Chicago: University of 
     Chicago Press.          

 von Hallberg, Robert, ed. Canons. Chicago: University of 
     Chicago Press, 1984. 

 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. 1884. The complete works of Samuel Taylor 
     Coleridge. Edited  by W. G. T. Shedd. Vol. 1, 
     Aids to reflection. New York: Harper & Bros.          

 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. The Complete Works of Samuel Taylor 
     Coleridge. Edited by W. G. T. Shedd. Vol. 1, 
     Aids to Reflection. New York: Harper & Bros., 1884.

 Beech, Mary Higdon. 1982. The domestic realm in the lives of 

     Hindu women in Calcutta. In  Separate worlds: 
     Studies of purdah in South Asia, ed. Hanna 
     Papanek and Gail Minault, 110-38. Delhi: Chanakya.           

  Beech, Mary Higdon. "The Domestic Realm in the Lives of 
     Hindu Women in Calcutta." In Separate Worlds: Studies of 

     Purdah in South Asia, ed. Hanna 
     Papanek and Gail Minault, 110-38. 
     Delhi: Chanakya, 1982.

 Ray, Gordon N., ed. 1959. An introduction to literature. Vol. 2, 
     The nature of drama, by Hubert Hefner. Boston:

     Houghton Mifflin.           

  Ray, Gordon N., ed. An Introduction to Literature. Vol. 2,  
     The Nature of Drama, by Hubert Hefner. Boston:
     Houghton  Mifflin, 1959.

 American Library Association, Young Adult Services Division, 
     Services Statement Development Committee. 1978. 

     Directions for library service to young adults.
     Chicago: American Library Association.           

 American Library Association, Young Adult Services Division, 
     Services Statement Development Committee. 
     Directions for Library Service to Young Adults.
     Chicago: American Library Association, 1978.

 Jackson, Richard. 1979. Running down the up-escalator: Regional 
     inequality in Papua New Guinea. Australian Geographer 14 (May): 175-84.          

 Jackson, Richard. "Running Down the Up-Escalator: Regional Inequality in
     Papua New Guinea." Australian Geographer 14 (May 1979): 175-84. 

 Smith, Lawrence P. 1993. Sailing close to the wind. Politics

     in Action 10, no. 4: 80-102. 
                  

 Smith, Lawrence P. "Sailing Close to the Wind." Politics in Action 10, 
     no. 4 (1993): 80-102.

 Weber, Bruce. 1985. The myth maker: The creative mind of novelist
     E. L. Doctorow. New York Times Magazine, 20 October, 42.           

 Weber, Bruce. "The Myth Maker: The Creative Mind of Novelist E. L. 
     Doctorow." New York Times Magazine, 20 October 1985, 42. 

 Frankfather, Dwight. 1985. Review of The disabled state, by Deborah A. Stone.
    Social Service Review 59 (September):523-25.           

 Frankfather, Dwight. Review of The Disabled State, by Deborah A. Stone.

    Social Service Review 59 (September 1985):523-25. 

 Fowles, John. 1985-86. A conversation with John Fowles. 
     Interview by Robert Foulke (Lyme Regis, 3 April 1984). 
     Salmagundi, nos.68-69 (fall-winter): 367-84.                    

 Fowles, John. "A Conversation with John Fowles." Interview by Robert 
     Foulke (Lyme Regis, 3 April 1984). Salmagundi, nos. 68-69 
     (fall 1985-winter 1986): 367-84. 

 Washington, Harold, mayor of Chicago. 1985. 
     Interview by author, 23 September, Chicago. Tape recording. Chicago
     Historical Society, Chicago.          

 Washington, Harold, mayor of Chicago. 
     Interview  by author, 23 September 1985, Chicago.
     Tape recording. Chicago Historical Society, Chicago.

 Neal, Mrs. Joseph C. 1850. "Ideal husbands; or,  
     School girl fancies." Godey's Lady's Book January [on-line]. 
     <http://www.history.rochester.edu/godeys/> [26 January 2001].          

 Neal, Mrs. Joseph C. "Ideal Husbands; or, School Girl Fancies."
     Godey's Lady's Book January 1850 [on-line]. <http:
     //www.history.rochester.edu/godeys/> [26 January 2001].

 "The Jack London collection." 1999. Berkeley Digital 
     Library SunSite, updated 19 January.

     <http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/London/> [26 January 1999].

 "The Jack London Collection," Berkeley Digital 
     Library SunSite, updated 19 January 1999. 
     <http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/London/> [26 January 1999].

 Eisenberg, Bonnie and Mary Ruthsdotter. 1993. 101

     wonderful ways to celebrate women's history.  
     Revised. Windsor, CA: National Women's 
     History Project. Database  on-line. 
     Available from FirstSearch, ERIC, ED 393768.

 Eisenberg, Bonnie and Mary Ruthsdotter. 101
     Wonderful Ways To Celebrate 
     Women's History. Revised. Windsor, CA: 
     National Women's History Project. 1993. Database on-line. 
     Available from FirstSearch, ERIC, ED 393768.